Category: Vegetable Gardening

Posted on

Planting Garlic in the Fall

planting garlic in the fall

Garlic is one of the easiest and most rewarding crops you can grow in your garden. When planted in the fall, garlic has months to settle its roots before the spring warmth encourages strong growth. By summer, you can enjoy large, flavorful bulbs ready for harvest. Fall planting gives garlic the cold period it needs for proper bulb development, making it the best time of year to get started. In this guide, you will learn when and how to plant garlic, how to prepare the soil, and how to care for your crop through the growing season for the best harvest.

Why Plant Garlic in the Fall

Fall planting gives garlic a head start that spring planting cannot match. When garlic goes into the soil in autumn, it has cool weather for root growth before winter sets in. During this time, the cloves establish a strong underground system that supports vigorous top growth in spring. In contrast, spring-planted garlic often produces smaller bulbs because it misses the essential cold period. Planting in fall also frees up space in your spring garden for other crops. With garlic already growing, you can focus on planting vegetables like lettuce, beans, or tomatoes when warm weather arrives.

Choosing the Right Garlic Variety

Before planting, you need to decide which type of garlic to grow. There are two main categories: hardneck and softneck. Hardneck garlic is best suited for colder climates because it tolerates freezing temperatures well. It also produces scapes, which are edible flower stalks you can harvest in early summer. Softneck garlic grows better in milder regions and stores longer after harvest, sometimes lasting up to a year. Within these two categories, many varieties exist with different flavors ranging from mild to spicy. When selecting garlic, buy seed garlic from a reputable source instead of grocery store bulbs. Grocery garlic is often treated to prevent sprouting and may carry diseases.

Zone-Specific Garlic Planting Calendar

Knowing when to plant garlic depends on your USDA growing zone. Timing is important because garlic needs a few weeks to establish roots before the ground freezes. Use this zone-specific planting calendar to guide your fall garlic planting:

  • Zones 3–4: Plant garlic in late September to early October. Cold climates require an early start to allow enough root growth before the ground freezes.
  • Zone 5: Plant from early to mid-October. Mulch heavily to protect cloves from harsh winters.
  • Zone 6: Plant in mid to late October. Garlic thrives here with reliable winters for proper bulb development.
  • Zone 7: Plant from late October to early November. Mulch well to protect against mild freeze-thaw cycles.
  • Zone 8: Plant in November. In warmer southern climates, garlic benefits from later planting since winters are milder.
  • Zone 9: Plant from late November to early December. Choose softneck varieties for best results in warm regions.
  • Zone 10: Plant in December or January. Garlic may struggle in heat, so choose heat-tolerant varieties and ensure good mulch coverage.

This planting guide ensures your garlic has enough cold exposure for strong bulbs while protecting it from premature growth.

Preparing the Soil for Garlic

Garlic thrives in loose, well-drained soil rich in organic matter. Heavy clay soils can lead to waterlogged conditions that cause cloves to rot. To prepare the soil, loosen it to a depth of at least 8 to 10 inches. Mix in compost or well-rotted manure to add nutrients and improve structure. Garlic prefers soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. If your soil is too acidic, add lime to raise the pH. Raised beds or rows are excellent options for garlic because they ensure good drainage. Taking the time to prepare your soil in fall sets the foundation for strong, healthy garlic bulbs at harvest. This 4 in 1 soil meter is perfect for testing and monitoring your soil.

How to Plant Garlic in the Fall

Once your soil is ready, it is time to plant. Break apart the garlic bulb into individual cloves, keeping the papery skin intact. Choose the largest cloves for planting since they produce the biggest bulbs. Place each clove in the soil with the pointed end facing up and the flat root end facing down. Plant cloves 2 inches deep in warmer regions and 3 to 4 inches deep in colder areas. Space cloves 4 to 6 inches apart within rows, leaving 12 inches between rows. After planting, cover the bed with a thick layer of mulch such as straw, shredded leaves, or pine needles. Mulch protects the cloves from temperature fluctuations and helps retain moisture through winter.

Watering Garlic After Planting

Even though garlic is planted in cooler weather, it still needs moisture to grow roots. Water your garlic immediately after planting to settle the soil around the cloves. In fall, rainfall may be enough to keep the soil damp, but if conditions are dry, give the bed a deep watering every week until the ground freezes. Once winter arrives, garlic becomes dormant and does not need extra water. In spring, resume regular watering to encourage bulb growth. Garlic requires about an inch of water per week during the growing season. Consistent watering ensures large, firm bulbs at harvest time.

Fertilizing Garlic for Strong Growth

Garlic is a heavy feeder, so it benefits from regular fertilization. Start by adding compost or balanced organic fertilizer at planting time. In early spring, once green shoots appear, side-dress the rows with nitrogen-rich fertilizer such as blood meal or fish emulsion. This promotes strong leafy growth that feeds the developing bulbs. Continue feeding every three to four weeks until early June. At that point, stop fertilizing so the plant can focus on bulb formation instead of leaf production. Following this schedule helps you grow large, healthy garlic bulbs with rich flavor.

Caring for Garlic Through the Winter

One of the advantages of fall-planted garlic is that it requires little attention during winter. The mulch layer insulates the cloves and prevents soil heaving from freeze-thaw cycles. In extremely cold areas, you may need to add extra mulch to protect against deep freezes. Do not worry if you see small green shoots emerging in late fall. They can usually withstand light frost, and the mulch will protect them from harsh weather. By spring, the garlic will resume growth on its own, and you can remove some of the mulch to allow the soil to warm faster.

Spring Garlic Care

As the weather warms, your garlic will grow quickly. At this stage, water consistently and keep the bed free of weeds, which compete for nutrients. If you planted hardneck garlic, you will notice flower stalks called scapes forming in early summer. Cut them off once they curl into loops, as leaving them on diverts energy from bulb growth. The good news is that scapes are edible and delicious in stir-fries, soups, and pestos. Regular watering, weeding, and occasional fertilizing during spring give your garlic the boost it needs to develop large bulbs by harvest time.

When and How to Harvest Garlic

Garlic is usually ready to harvest in mid to late summer, depending on your planting time and climate. The best way to know when garlic is ready is by watching the leaves. When the lower third to half of the leaves have turned yellow and dried, it is time to harvest. Use a garden fork to gently loosen the soil around the bulbs instead of pulling them out by hand. Handle the bulbs carefully to avoid bruising. Shake off loose dirt but do not wash the bulbs at this stage. Freshly harvested garlic needs time to cure before storage.

Curing and Storing Garlic

Curing garlic ensures that it stores well for months. Lay the bulbs in a single layer in a dry, well-ventilated area out of direct sunlight. A garage, shed, or covered porch works well. Leave the garlic to cure for two to three weeks until the skins are papery and the necks are dry. Once cured, trim the roots and cut the tops down to about an inch. Store your garlic in a cool, dark place with good air circulation. Properly cured softneck garlic can last up to a year, while hardneck garlic usually stores for six months.

Common Problems and Pests in Garlic

Garlic is generally low-maintenance, but it can face a few issues. Overwatering is the most common problem, leading to rot and poor bulb development. To avoid this, ensure your soil drains well and only water when necessary. Pests like onion maggots and nematodes can also affect garlic, though they are less common. Crop rotation is the best defense against soil-borne pests and diseases. Avoid planting garlic or onions in the same spot year after year. Instead, rotate crops every three to four years to keep the soil healthy.

Final Thoughts on Planting Garlic in the Fall

Planting garlic in the fall sets you up for a successful summer harvest. By preparing the soil properly, choosing the right variety, and planting at the right time, you give your garlic the strong start it needs. With regular watering, fertilizing, and care through the growing season, you will enjoy large, flavorful bulbs that store well and enhance your cooking. Garlic is one of the most satisfying crops for gardeners because it requires little effort once established. Start your fall garlic planting this year, and by next summer, you will have a homegrown harvest ready for your kitchen.

Please be sure to check out my Gardening Blog Post Page for more tips on all types of gardening. Including Seed Saving, Seed Starting, Orchids, Water Gardening, Coldframe Gardening, Indoor Bulb Gardening, Hydroponics, Container Gardening, Mums, Herbs, African Violets, planting Bulbs, Flower Gardening, Vegetable and Fruit Gardening, Indoor Houseplants of all kinds, Bonsai, Cactus, Succulents, Hanging plants, Deer resistant plants and even Bird, Bee, Butterfly and Hummingbird Gardens!

Posted on

Fall Garden Vegetables

fall garden vegetables

When the summer heat begins to fade, many gardeners think the growing season is coming to an end. However, September is actually one of the best months to plant fall garden vegetables. With cooler temperatures, fewer pests, and regular rainfall, the conditions are perfect for establishing crops that thrive in autumn. By choosing the right vegetables for your growing zone, you can harvest fresh produce well into late fall and even winter. Below, you’ll discover the top 15 vegetables to plant in September along with helpful tips for success in each zone.

Why Plant Vegetables in the Fall?

Fall gardening comes with many advantages. The soil still holds warmth from summer, which helps seeds germinate quickly. Cooler nights reduce plant stress, and the shorter days allow vegetables to develop rich flavors. Many leafy greens, root crops, and cool-weather favorites even taste sweeter after a light frost. Because of these benefits, planting in September ensures a steady supply of fresh produce after your summer crops finish.

Understanding USDA Zones for Fall Planting

Before deciding what to plant, it’s important to know your USDA hardiness zone. Zones range from 3 in the coldest northern states to 10 and above in the warmest southern regions. The timing of fall planting depends on your first expected frost date. Northern zones should focus on fast-maturing crops, while southern zones can grow a wider variety because frost arrives much later.

Top 15 Vegetables to Plant in September

Here are the best vegetables to plant in September, broken down by growing zone so you can plan your fall garden with confidence.

1. Spinach

Spinach is one of the easiest fall greens to grow. In zones 3–6, sow seeds in early September so plants mature before heavy frosts. In zones 7–10, you can plant spinach throughout September for harvests that last well into winter. Spinach thrives in cool weather, and the leaves taste sweeter after frost. Be sure to provide rich soil with compost and steady moisture.

2. Lettuce

Lettuce grows quickly and makes an excellent fall crop. Plant seeds in zones 3–6 during early September, and continue planting in zones 7–10 throughout the month. Loose-leaf varieties mature faster than head lettuce, making them a smart choice for northern gardeners. Keep the soil consistently moist and consider using row covers in colder zones to extend the harvest.

3. Kale

Kale is a fall superstar. It grows well in zones 3–10 and becomes sweeter after frost. In northern zones, sow seeds in early September for harvest before winter. In warmer regions, kale planted in September will keep producing well into the cooler months. Provide fertile soil and steady watering, and you’ll enjoy crisp, nutrient-packed leaves.

4. Arugula

Arugula is a quick-growing green perfect for fall salads. In zones 3–6, sow in early September, while zones 7–10 can plant throughout the month. Arugula matures in as little as 30 days, so it’s ideal for filling in gaps in your garden. Plant seeds directly into the soil and harvest young leaves for the best flavor.

5. Carrots

Carrots are an excellent choice for fall gardens. In zones 3–6, sow seeds in early September to allow enough time for roots to mature before frost. In zones 7–10, plant anytime during September for harvests in late fall or winter. Carrots actually improve in flavor after frost, becoming sweeter and more tender. Keep soil loose and free of rocks for the best root development.

6. Beets

Beets thrive in cool conditions and are perfect for fall planting. In zones 3–6, sow seeds in early September. In zones 7–10, you can plant throughout the month. Both the roots and the leafy tops are edible, making beets a versatile crop. Be sure to thin seedlings to give roots room to grow.

7. Radishes

Radishes are one of the fastest-growing vegetables and do well in fall gardens. In zones 3–6, plant in early September for a quick harvest before frost. In zones 7–10, sow seeds throughout the month for successive harvests. Radishes mature in just 25–30 days, making them a great crop for extending your garden season.

8. Turnips

Turnips provide both leafy greens and edible roots, making them a two-in-one fall vegetable. In zones 3–6, sow seeds in early September for fall harvest. In zones 7–10, plant anytime in September for harvest later in the season. Turnips grow quickly and can tolerate frost, which improves their flavor.

9. Swiss Chard

Swiss chard is a colorful, hardy green that thrives in cooler weather. In zones 3–6, plant in early September, while zones 7–10 can plant throughout the month. Swiss chard tolerates light frost and continues producing after other greens have faded. Provide rich soil and steady watering for tender leaves and vibrant stems.

10. Cabbage

Cabbage is a classic fall crop that does well when planted in September. In zones 3–6, use transplants rather than seeds for a quicker harvest before winter. In zones 7–10, you can sow seeds or set out transplants for late fall and winter harvests. Cabbage needs steady watering and fertile soil to form firm heads.

11. Broccoli

Broccoli thrives in cool weather, making it ideal for fall gardens. In zones 3–6, plant transplants in early September to ensure a harvest before frost. In zones 7–10, you can sow seeds or use transplants throughout the month. Broccoli benefits from fertile soil, regular watering, and protection from pests like cabbage worms.

12. Cauliflower

Cauliflower requires cool, steady conditions to form large heads. In zones 3–6, use transplants in early September for the best chance at a fall harvest. In zones 7–10, plant seeds or transplants during September for winter crops. Keep soil consistently moist and use row covers if early frosts threaten.

13. Brussels Sprouts

Brussels sprouts grow best when planted in cooler weather. In zones 3–6, transplants set out in early September can produce before winter. In zones 7–10, plant throughout September for winter harvest. These slow growers need steady fertilization and cool temperatures to form tight, flavorful sprouts.

14. Garlic

Garlic is a must-have for fall planting. While it’s technically harvested the following summer, you plant cloves in September in zones 3–6 to allow roots to establish before winter. In zones 7–10, you can plant later in September and even into October. Garlic needs well-draining soil and a sunny spot to thrive.

15. Onions

Onions can be planted in September in many zones for overwintering or spring harvest. In zones 3–6, plant sets or seedlings in early September so they establish before frost. In zones 7–10, you can plant onion sets throughout the month. Choose short-day or long-day varieties depending on your region for the best results.

Tips for a Successful Fall Vegetable Garden

To get the most from your fall garden, start with rich, well-prepared soil by adding compost or aged manure before planting. Water regularly since September can still be warm, and keep the soil evenly moist for quick germination. Mulching helps regulate soil temperature and prevents weeds. Finally, use row covers or cold frames in cooler zones to extend the harvest season and protect plants from frost.

Final Thoughts

Planting vegetables in September is a smart way to extend your growing season and enjoy fresh produce well beyond summer. By choosing the right crops for your USDA zone, you can fill your garden with leafy greens, root crops, and brassicas that thrive in cooler weather. Whether you live in a northern zone with an early frost or a southern zone with mild winters, fall gardening brings delicious results. Try these top 15 vegetables this September, and you’ll discover just how rewarding a fall harvest can be.

Please be sure to check out my Gardening Blog Post Page for more tips on all types of gardening. Including Seed Saving, Seed Starting, Orchids, Water Gardening, Coldframe Gardening, Indoor Bulb Gardening, Hydroponics, Container Gardening, Mums, Herbs, African Violets, planting Bulbs, Flower Gardening, Vegetable and Fruit Gardening, Indoor Houseplants of all kinds, Bonsai, Cactus, Succulents, Hanging plants, Deer resistant plants and even Bird, Bee, Butterfly and Hummingbird Gardens!

Posted on

Onion Sets for Fall Planting

onion sets for fall planting

If you want an early and bountiful onion harvest next year, fall planting is the way to go. Using onion sets gives you a head start, especially in areas with mild winters. Onion sets are small, dormant bulbs that were started from seed earlier in the year. They are easy to plant, fast to grow, and usually more dependable than seeds in fall conditions. With the right timing and care, fall-planted onion sets can produce large, flavorful onions by late spring or early summer.

Why Choose Onion Sets for Fall Planting

Fall is a great time to plant onion sets because the soil is still warm, which encourages quick root development. Once established, the onions go dormant over winter and resume growth in early spring. This means they have a longer growing season, resulting in bigger bulbs. In addition, planting in fall saves time and space in the busy spring garden. Onion sets are also more resistant to pests and disease than seeds and tend to be more forgiving to first-time growers.

Best Onion Varieties for Fall Planting

Before you begin, it’s important to pick the right onion type. Onions are categorized by day length—short-day, intermediate-day, and long-day onions. For fall planting, choose short-day varieties if you live in southern regions (zones 7–10), as they start forming bulbs when days are just 10 to 12 hours long. Popular short-day onions include ‘Yellow Granex,’ ‘Texas Super Sweet,’ and ‘Red Creole.’

Gardeners in zones 6 and below can also plant onions in fall, but they should focus on hardy overwintering varieties such as ‘Walla Walla’ or ‘Bridger.’ These varieties are bred to withstand cold temperatures and are ideal for fall planting in northern areas.

When to Plant Onion Sets by USDA Zone

Timing is everything when planting onion sets in the fall. You want to give them enough time to establish roots before the ground freezes, but not so early that they begin to sprout heavily above ground. Here’s a general guide based on USDA hardiness zones:

  • Zones 3–5: Mid to late September
  • Zone 6: Late September to early October
  • Zone 7: Early to mid October
  • Zone 8: Mid to late October
  • Zone 9–10: Late October to early November

Always check your local average first frost date and plant onion sets about 4–6 weeks before that date. This timing gives the roots enough time to grow while the tops remain small and manageable going into winter.

How to Prepare the Soil

Onions thrive in loose, well-drained soil that’s rich in organic matter. Start by removing weeds and working compost or aged manure into the top 6 to 8 inches of soil. Onions prefer a slightly acidic to neutral pH between 6.0 and 7.0. If your soil is clay-heavy or compacted, consider planting in raised beds or rows to improve drainage. You can also mix in sand or fine bark to help loosen the soil.

Add a balanced fertilizer such as 10-10-10 at planting time to encourage strong root development. Avoid nitrogen-heavy fertilizers in the fall, as they can push too much leafy growth before winter, which weakens the plant.

How to Plant Onion Sets

Once your soil is prepared and temperatures have cooled, it’s time to plant the sets. Choose firm, dry sets that are no larger than a marble, as smaller sets tend to produce larger bulbs.

Plant each set with the pointed end facing up. Space them 4 inches apart in rows that are 12 inches apart. Push them into the soil just deep enough that the tip is barely visible. Do not bury them too deeply or they may rot during the winter.

Water the sets after planting to help settle the soil and encourage root development. If your region is dry during fall, continue to water lightly once a week until the ground freezes. However, avoid overwatering, as soggy conditions can lead to rot.

Mulching and Overwintering Tips

After planting, add a 2 to 4-inch layer of mulch over the onion bed to protect the young sets from frost and sudden temperature drops. Use straw, shredded leaves, or pine needles for good insulation and airflow. Mulching also helps retain soil moisture and reduces winter weed growth.

In colder zones, make sure the mulch layer is thicker and more consistent. You can remove or thin it out in early spring as temperatures begin to warm. Once growth resumes, the plants will quickly start forming green shoots and eventually develop full bulbs.

Spring Care After Winter Dormancy

As soon as the snow melts and the soil warms in early spring, check your onions for signs of life. Pull back any remaining mulch to allow sunlight and warmth to reach the soil. At this stage, your onions will benefit from regular watering and a boost of fertilizer. Switch to a nitrogen-rich fertilizer to support strong top growth through early spring.

Once the onions begin bulbing, usually in late spring, stop fertilizing and reduce watering. Too much water during the bulbing phase can cause rot or soft onions. Let the tops fall over naturally, which signals they are ready to cure and harvest.

When to Harvest Fall-Planted Onions

You can typically harvest fall-planted onions in late spring or early summer, depending on your zone and variety. When most of the green tops have flopped over and turned brown, it’s time to dig them up. Gently lift each bulb from the soil with a garden fork and let them cure in a dry, well-ventilated area for a couple of weeks. Once the necks are dry and the skins are papery, trim the tops and store them in a cool, dry place.

Properly cured onions can last several months in storage. Short-day onions don’t store as long as long-day types, so use those first. Still, the earlier harvest and excellent flavor make fall planting well worth the effort.

Companion Planting and Crop Rotation

To help onions thrive and avoid pests, plant them near crops like carrots, lettuce, or beets. These plants grow well with onions and can help deter onion flies and other pests. Avoid planting onions where you’ve recently grown garlic, shallots, or leeks, as these all belong to the same family and can encourage disease build-up in the soil. Rotate your onion planting area every two to three years to keep the soil healthy.

Final Thoughts on Planting Onion Sets in Fall

Fall planting of onion sets is one of the easiest ways to get a head start on your garden. With the right timing by zone, good soil preparation, and proper planting technique, you can enjoy strong growth through winter and a harvest that arrives weeks earlier than spring-planted onions. Whether you’re growing in a southern climate with mild winters or a northern garden with snow and frost, there’s an onion variety and planting strategy that works for you.

Onions may be a humble crop, but their value in the kitchen and the garden is unmatched. Take advantage of the fall season to get a jumpstart on your next onion harvest—your garden and your taste buds will thank you.

Please be sure to check out my Gardening Blog Post Page for more tips on all types of gardening. Including Seed Saving, Seed Starting, Orchids, Water Gardening, Coldframe Gardening, Indoor Bulb Gardening, Hydroponics, Container Gardening, Mums, Herbs, African Violets, planting Bulbs, Flower Gardening, Vegetable and Fruit Gardening, Indoor Houseplants of all kinds, Bonsai, Cactus, Succulents, Hanging plants, Deer resistant plants and even Bird, Bee, Butterfly and Hummingbird Gardens!

Posted on

Shallots Fall Planting

shallots fall planting

Shallots are a flavorful and easy-to-grow allium that thrive when planted in the fall. Their rich, mellow taste adds depth to soups, sauces, and many savory dishes. While many gardeners plant shallots in spring, fall planting gives them a strong head start, especially in regions with mild winters. In this guide, we’ll explore how to plant shallots in the fall, how to care for them, and when to harvest based on your USDA hardiness zone.

Why Plant Shallots in Fall?

Planting shallots in the fall allows them to establish strong roots before winter dormancy. This early root development gives the bulbs a better chance of growing larger and maturing earlier the following spring. Like garlic, shallots need a long growing season, so fall planting makes perfect sense in many climates.

Shallots planted in the fall often result in a better yield compared to those planted in spring. They take advantage of the cool weather for root development and quickly resume growing when temperatures rise again. Additionally, fall planting gives gardeners one less task in the busy spring gardening season.

Best Time to Plant Shallots in Fall by Zone

The ideal time to plant shallots in fall depends on your USDA hardiness zone. The key is to get the bulbs in the ground about 4 to 6 weeks before your first hard frost. This timing gives the shallots enough time to establish roots without sending up too much top growth that might be damaged by freezing temperatures.

Zones 3–4

In colder zones like 3 and 4, fall planting is more of a risk, but it’s still possible with proper planning. Plant shallots in late August to early September, and cover them with mulch to protect them from freezing and thawing cycles. A thick layer of straw or leaves will help insulate the bulbs. Consider choosing hardier varieties and be ready for a smaller yield due to the cold.

Zones 5–6

For gardeners in zones 5 and 6, aim to plant shallots in mid to late September. You still need to mulch well, but the risk of bulb rot or freeze damage is lower than in colder zones. Choose well-draining soil to avoid waterlogged bulbs during winter.

Zones 7–8

These zones are ideal for fall-planted shallots. Plant your bulbs in late September through mid-October. In these areas, shallots will root well before winter and resume strong growth in early spring. Mulching is still helpful, but a lighter layer may be enough.

Zones 9–10

In the warmest zones, plant shallots from late October through November. Because winter temperatures rarely dip below freezing in these zones, fall planting works especially well. The bulbs will grow slowly over winter, then take off once warmer spring temperatures arrive.

How to Plant Shallots in Fall

Preparing your soil and planting shallots properly will make a big difference in your harvest. Shallots prefer rich, well-draining soil and full sun. Begin by working compost or aged manure into the soil. This boosts fertility and improves soil structure.

Separate your shallot bulbs into individual cloves right before planting. Each clove will grow into a new cluster of shallots. Plant the cloves with the pointed tip up, about 1 to 2 inches deep and 6 inches apart. Space rows about 12 inches apart to allow room for good air circulation.

Once planted, water the bed thoroughly and add a layer of mulch to protect the soil and bulbs from drying out or freezing. Shallots don’t need a lot of water through winter, but during dry spells, check that the soil remains slightly moist.

Fall Shallot Care Throughout Winter

After planting and mulching, your shallots will begin forming roots. As temperatures cool, they go dormant but stay alive underground. In most climates, you won’t need to water during the coldest months. However, if the winter is unusually dry and mild, give the bed a light watering now and then.

Check your mulch every few weeks to make sure it’s still covering the soil. Heavy rains or wind can shift it, exposing the bulbs to freezing temperatures. Reapply mulch as needed to keep the soil protected.

As spring approaches, remove some of the mulch to allow sunlight to warm the soil and encourage growth. Your shallots will begin producing green shoots as temperatures rise.

When to Harvest Shallots by Zone

Shallots are ready to harvest when the green tops begin to yellow and fall over. This usually happens in late spring or early summer, depending on your zone and planting time. Here’s a breakdown by zone to help guide your harvest.

Zones 3–4

In colder zones, fall-planted shallots are typically ready for harvest by late June or early July. Because the growing season is shorter, bulbs may be smaller, but they’ll still have great flavor. Harvest when at least half the tops have withered.

Zones 5–6

Gardeners in these zones can expect to harvest shallots in mid to late June. Once the tops fall over, stop watering for a week to help the bulbs dry in the soil. Then gently lift them with a garden fork.

Zones 7–8

Shallots planted in fall in zones 7 and 8 usually mature by late May to early June. The bulbs will be plump and the tops yellow. Harvest carefully and allow the bulbs to cure in a dry, shaded place for two to three weeks before storing.

Zones 9–10

In the warmest zones, shallots may be ready as early as late April or May. Because winters are mild, growth is more consistent, and the bulbs often reach maturity earlier. Cure and store the same way as in other zones for the best storage life.

How to Cure and Store Shallots

After harvesting, lay your shallots out to dry in a well-ventilated, shaded area for a few weeks. This curing process allows the outer skins to toughen and the necks to dry, which helps prevent rot during storage. Do not wash the bulbs before curing.

Once cured, remove the dried tops and roots. Store your shallots in a mesh bag, basket, or another container that allows airflow. Keep them in a cool, dry, dark place. Properly cured shallots can last six months or longer.

Tips for Success with Fall-Planted Shallots

To get the best results from your fall shallot crop, choose disease-free planting stock from a reputable source. Avoid planting shallots from the grocery store, as they may be treated to prevent sprouting or carry disease.

Rotate your allium crops each year to reduce the risk of disease and pests. Don’t plant shallots where you’ve recently grown onions, garlic, or leeks. Also, avoid overwatering in winter and early spring, as wet conditions can lead to bulb rot.

If your winter is especially cold, adding row covers or planting in raised beds can provide extra protection. Raised beds warm up faster in spring and drain more efficiently, which benefits shallots.

Final Thoughts

Shallots are an excellent crop for fall planting in most parts of the country. With a bit of preparation and timing based on your zone, you can enjoy a flavorful and early summer harvest. The rich, savory taste of homegrown shallots makes them a rewarding addition to your fall garden. By planting in fall, you’ll be one step ahead when spring arrives, and your garden will already be producing. Take advantage of the cooler weather and longer growing season to grow shallots that add depth to your meals and beauty to your garden.

If you’ve never planted shallots in fall before, give it a try this year. With the right soil, spacing, and timing, you’ll enjoy a generous harvest of this gourmet favorite.

Please be sure to check out my Gardening Blog Post Page for more tips on all types of gardening. Including Seed Saving, Seed Starting, Orchids, Water Gardening, Coldframe Gardening, Indoor Bulb Gardening, Hydroponics, Container Gardening, Mums, Herbs, African Violets, planting Bulbs, Flower Gardening, Vegetable and Fruit Gardening, Indoor Houseplants of all kinds, Bonsai, Cactus, Succulents, Hanging plants, Deer resistant plants and even Bird, Bee, Butterfly and Hummingbird Gardens!

Posted on

When to Plant Fall Potatoes

when to plant fall potatoes

Fall potatoes are a smart way to extend your vegetable garden’s productivity. While most gardeners think of potatoes as a spring crop, planting in late summer for a fall harvest can give you fresh, homegrown potatoes before winter sets in. In warmer climates, fall potatoes can even overwinter for a spring harvest. To grow a successful fall crop, it’s important to know when to plant and harvest based on your USDA hardiness zone. Below, we’ll break down fall potato planting by zone and explain how to time it right for your area.

Why Grow Fall Potatoes?

Growing fall potatoes has many benefits. First, it allows you to use garden space that becomes available after summer crops like lettuce, peas, or early beans are finished. Second, fall potatoes can be stored easily during cooler weather. They are less likely to encounter pests and diseases common in spring. Lastly, fall crops help you take full advantage of your growing season, especially in southern zones.

Choosing the Right Potato Type

Before you plant, choose a variety suited for your climate and time frame. Early and mid-season potatoes work best for fall planting because they mature faster. Some popular choices include:

Make sure to purchase certified seed potatoes, and avoid using leftover potatoes from the grocery store. Store-bought potatoes are often treated to prevent sprouting.

When to Plant Fall Potatoes by Zone

To plant fall potatoes successfully, you’ll need to count backward from your area’s average first frost date. Potatoes take between 70 and 100 days to mature, depending on the variety. Ideally, they should be planted about 10 to 12 weeks before the first frost. Let’s look at the timing by USDA hardiness zone.

Zone 3 and 4

In these northern zones, the growing season ends early. Fall potatoes are not recommended unless grown in greenhouses or containers that can be brought indoors. However, you can plant a late summer crop in early July and harvest by mid-September if you choose a fast-maturing variety.

  • Planting time: Early July
  • Harvest time: Early to mid-September

Zone 5

Gardeners in Zone 5 can grow fall potatoes if they act quickly. Choose early-maturing varieties and plant no later than mid-July to ensure the crop finishes before frost.

  • Planting time: Early to mid-July
  • Harvest time: Mid-September to early October

Make sure to mulch well if there’s an early frost in the forecast. Potatoes still growing underground can handle a light frost, but exposed tops will die back.

Zone 6

Zone 6 offers more flexibility. You can plant potatoes from mid-July to early August and still get a full crop. Choose early to mid-season varieties for best results.

  • Planting time: Mid-July to early August
  • Harvest time: Late September to mid-October

As temperatures cool, the soil stays moist longer, which helps tubers grow. Just avoid soggy soil to prevent rot.

Zone 7

In this mild zone, fall potatoes thrive when planted from late July through mid-August. The warm days and cooler nights are ideal for tuber development.

  • Planting time: Late July to mid-August
  • Harvest time: Mid-October to early November

To extend your harvest window, stagger plantings every 7 to 10 days.

Zone 8

Gardeners in Zone 8 can plant fall potatoes later than most. Aim to get them in the ground between early and mid-August. You can even try overwintering some varieties for an early spring crop.

  • Planting time: Early to mid-August
  • Harvest time: Late October to early December

Monitor moisture closely, especially in hot spells. Water deeply once or twice a week, depending on rainfall.

Zone 9 and 10

In these warm zones, fall is the prime time to grow potatoes. You can plant from late August through early October and enjoy a winter or early spring harvest.

  • Planting time: Late August to early October
  • Harvest time: Late November to January

In Zone 10, potatoes often do better in fall than in spring, as cooler temperatures improve tuber formation.

How to Plant Fall Potatoes

Once you’ve figured out your timing, it’s time to plant. Follow these steps for a healthy crop:

  1. Prep the soil – Potatoes need loose, well-drained soil. Add compost or aged manure and till it well. Avoid overly rich nitrogen-heavy fertilizers, which cause excessive leafy growth.
  2. Cut seed potatoes – If your seed potatoes are large, cut them into chunks with at least one or two eyes per piece. Let them sit for a day or two to form a callus before planting.
  3. Plant deep – Place each seed piece 3 to 4 inches deep and 12 inches apart in rows spaced 24 to 30 inches apart.
  4. Hill the soil – As the plants grow, mound soil around the base to cover the developing tubers and prevent them from turning green in sunlight.
  5. Mulch – Apply straw or shredded leaves to retain moisture and keep soil temperatures even.

Caring for Fall Potatoes

Fall weather brings fewer pests, but it’s still important to check for issues like Colorado potato beetles or early blight. Hand-pick beetles and remove any diseased foliage. Water evenly, especially in dry spells. Potatoes need 1 to 2 inches of water per week.

As the weather cools, reduce watering slightly to help the tubers harden. In cooler zones, monitor forecasts and cover plants with fabric if an early frost threatens the crop before maturity.

When to Harvest Fall Potatoes

You’ll know fall potatoes are ready to harvest when the foliage begins to yellow and die back. For new potatoes, harvest 2 to 3 weeks after the plants flower. For full-size storage potatoes, wait until the tops are completely dead. Gently dig with a fork and avoid bruising the tubers.

Let them cure in a cool, dark, and well-ventilated space for 7 to 10 days. Curing thickens the skins and helps them store longer.

Storing Fall Potatoes

After curing, brush off dirt (don’t wash them) and store your potatoes in a cardboard box, mesh bag, or basket in a cool, dark place with good air circulation. The ideal storage temperature is 40–45°F. Check regularly and remove any that show signs of rot.

Properly stored fall potatoes can last for several months—giving you homegrown food deep into the winter season.

Final Thoughts

Planting fall potatoes is a great way to maximize your garden and enjoy fresh, flavorful tubers well after summer crops are done. By understanding your zone’s frost dates and choosing fast-maturing varieties, you can harvest a full crop before winter hits. Whether you’re in Zone 5 or Zone 10, timing is everything. So, check your calendar, grab some seed potatoes, and give fall planting a try. You might find that autumn is the perfect season for growing this staple crop.

Please be sure to check out my Gardening Blog Post Page for more tips on all types of gardening. Including Seed Saving, Seed Starting, Orchids, Water Gardening, Coldframe Gardening, Indoor Bulb Gardening, Hydroponics, Container Gardening, Mums, Herbs, African Violets, planting Bulbs, Flower Gardening, Vegetable and Fruit Gardening, Indoor Houseplants of all kinds, Bonsai, Cactus, Succulents, Hanging plants, Deer resistant plants and even Bird, Bee, Butterfly and Hummingbird Gardens!

Posted on

Asparagus Plants in the Fall

asparagus plants in the fall

Asparagus is a long-lived, delicious vegetable that rewards patient gardeners with tender spears year after year. If you already grow asparagus or plan to start a new bed, fall is an essential season in its care cycle. The steps you take in autumn directly impact how strong and productive your asparagus plants will be in spring. From cutting back ferns to improving the soil and even planting new crowns, fall is the time to strengthen your asparagus patch for seasons to come.

Why Fall Matters for Asparagus

After a summer of producing tall, feathery ferns, asparagus plants enter a new phase in fall. The green fronds begin turning yellow and brown as the plant shifts its energy from above-ground growth to building up the roots. This seasonal transition is your signal to step in and care for the plants properly. Neglecting fall care can lead to weak spears, pest problems, and even disease. On the other hand, following a few simple fall practices can ensure a healthy and productive asparagus bed year after year.

When to Cut Back Asparagus Ferns

One of the first fall tasks with asparagus is cutting back the ferns. Timing is key. You should wait until the ferns turn completely yellow or brown. This color change means the plant has finished photosynthesizing and has stored enough nutrients in its roots to survive the winter. Cutting them back too early can interfere with that process, so resist the urge to tidy up until the ferns have finished their job.

Once they turn brown, cut the ferns down to about 2 inches above the soil line. Use clean garden shears to prevent the spread of disease. Dispose of the fern clippings rather than composting them, especially if they show signs of rust or other fungal issues. This helps reduce the chances of those problems returning in spring.

Cleaning and Mulching the Bed

After cutting the ferns, take a few minutes to clean up the entire asparagus bed. Remove any weeds, dead plant debris, or mulch left over from summer. These materials can harbor pests and diseases over winter. A clean bed reduces the risk of early spring issues.

Once you’ve cleared the area, apply a fresh layer of mulch. Use straw, shredded leaves, or wood chips to cover the soil with about 3 to 4 inches of material. This mulch serves two important purposes. First, it protects the crowns from temperature fluctuations and harsh winter winds. Second, it helps prevent early weed growth when temperatures begin to warm in spring.

Feeding the Roots in Fall

Fall is also a great time to feed asparagus roots. Although the visible part of the plant dies back, the underground system remains active for a while, storing nutrients. To support this process, apply a balanced fertilizer or compost after cutting the ferns. Work the fertilizer gently into the top few inches of soil without disturbing the crowns. Well-rotted compost is an excellent organic option, providing both nutrients and improved soil texture.

Avoid using high-nitrogen fertilizers in the fall, as these encourage green growth at the wrong time. Instead, choose a slow-release product with balanced nutrients like a 10-10-10 or 5-10-10 mix. This ensures the plant stores plenty of phosphorus and potassium for strong root development and early spring spears.

Dividing or Planting New Asparagus in Fall

If your existing asparagus bed is more than eight years old and the harvests are thinning, fall is a good time to divide and replant the crowns. Wait until the ferns have died back and the soil is moist but not soggy. Use a spade to dig up the crowns and separate them into smaller sections, each with healthy roots and buds. Replant them immediately in well-prepared soil with good drainage.

Fall is also a good time to start a new asparagus bed in mild zones. In warmer areas where the ground doesn’t freeze hard, planting crowns in the fall gives them time to settle in before winter. By spring, the roots will already be established and ready to grow. However, if you live in a zone with cold, wet winters, it’s usually best to wait until early spring to plant new asparagus.

Preparing the Soil for Spring Growth

Even if you aren’t dividing or planting new crowns, you can still improve your soil in fall. Asparagus prefers loose, well-draining soil with a neutral to slightly alkaline pH. Add compost, aged manure, or other organic matter to enrich the bed. If your soil is acidic, fall is the ideal time to add lime. Apply it according to soil test recommendations and water it in thoroughly. Doing this now gives the lime time to raise the pH before the growing season begins. This 4 in 1 soil meter is perfect for testing and continuous monitoring of your soil.

Fall is also the perfect time to address drainage issues. If your asparagus bed tends to stay soggy during wet months, consider raising the bed slightly or working in more sand and organic matter. Proper drainage is essential to prevent crown rot and other fungal problems in early spring.

Protecting Against Pests and Disease

Fall cleanup is one of the best defenses against pests and disease. Asparagus beetles, rust fungus, and other problems often overwinter in dead ferns or weedy patches. Removing the old growth and keeping the bed clean makes it harder for these pests to survive the winter. You can also apply a layer of diatomaceous earth or neem oil to the soil surface before mulching if you’ve had pest issues in the past.

In addition, rotating the mulch each year can help reduce pest and disease buildup. Don’t reuse old mulch from previous seasons. Instead, switch to fresh materials like clean straw, pine needles, or bark chips to create a healthier environment for your plants.

Fall Watering Tips

Although asparagus goes dormant in winter, it still needs moisture in the fall. Keep watering the bed regularly until the ground begins to freeze, especially if your area is experiencing dry weather. Moist soil helps the roots stay active and supports strong spring growth. However, be careful not to overwater, especially if your soil drains poorly. Aim for consistent, moderate moisture rather than saturated conditions.

After the final watering of the season, stop irrigation to prevent the crowns from sitting in overly wet soil. Once mulch is in place and the ferns are removed, the bed should be ready for winter.

Fall Care by Growing Zone

Your USDA hardiness zone influences when and how to handle fall asparagus care.

Zone 3–5: In colder regions, expect ferns to die back by early to mid-October. Cut them down once they are fully brown, then apply mulch before the first hard frost. Avoid dividing or planting new asparagus in fall; wait until spring.

Zone 6–7: In these zones, asparagus ferns may remain green into late October or early November. Cut back as soon as they yellow, then apply compost and mulch. You can divide crowns in late October if needed.

Zone 8–10: In warmer climates, ferns may not fully die back until December. You can plant new crowns in fall, feed the bed with compost, and water regularly until winter rains begin. Mulching remains important, especially to regulate winter moisture and temperature swings.

Final Thoughts

Caring for asparagus in the fall sets the stage for a strong, healthy spring harvest. With the right timing and attention, your asparagus bed will stay productive for decades. Focus on cutting back dead ferns, cleaning the bed, feeding the roots, and applying mulch. In milder zones, fall is even the right time to divide or plant new crowns. With just a little work now, you’ll enjoy crisp, flavorful spears next spring—and for many seasons beyond.

Please be sure to check out my Gardening Blog Post Page for more tips on all types of gardening. Including Seed Saving, Seed Starting, Orchids, Water Gardening, Coldframe Gardening, Indoor Bulb Gardening, Hydroponics, Container Gardening, Mums, Herbs, African Violets, planting Bulbs, Flower Gardening, Vegetable and Fruit Gardening, Indoor Houseplants of all kinds, Bonsai, Cactus, Succulents, Hanging plants, Deer resistant plants and even Bird, Bee, Butterfly and Hummingbird Gardens!

Posted on

Planting Broccoli for Fall Harvest

planting broccoli for fall harvest

Planting broccoli for a fall harvest is one of the best ways to enjoy crisp, flavorful heads right when summer vegetables fade. Broccoli thrives in cool weather and actually tastes sweeter after light frosts. While many gardeners focus on spring planting, fall broccoli often produces better results with fewer pests and stronger growth. Timing is critical, though. To enjoy a successful fall harvest, you’ll need to know when and how to plant based on your USDA hardiness zone.

Why Grow Broccoli in Fall?

Broccoli loves cool temperatures. In hot weather, the plant can bolt, sending up flowers too early, which ruins the flavor and texture. However, when broccoli matures during the cool days of autumn, the heads are tighter, the flavor is sweeter, and the plant is far less stressed. Pest pressure also drops in the fall, especially from cabbage worms and aphids, giving your plants a better chance to thrive.

When to Plant Broccoli by USDA Zone

The ideal time to plant broccoli for fall depends on your growing zone. Broccoli takes 70 to 100 days to reach maturity, depending on the variety. Because of this, it’s important to count backward from your average first frost date to make sure the plant has enough time to mature. Here’s a breakdown by zone:

Zone 3-4:
In these cold zones, fall broccoli is difficult to grow because the growing season is short. However, if you start seeds indoors in late May or early June, and transplant in early July, you might squeeze in a small harvest before frost arrives in early September. Use fast-maturing varieties such as ‘Packman’ or ‘Green Magic.’

Zone 5:
Start broccoli seeds indoors around early June and transplant outside in early to mid-July. This timing gives your plants enough time to develop strong roots before cooler temperatures arrive in late September or early October.

Zone 6:
Begin seeds indoors in mid to late June and transplant them outdoors in mid-July. You can also direct sow seeds outdoors in late June, though transplanting usually yields more reliable results for fall crops.

Zone 7:
In this milder zone, you can start seeds indoors in late June or early July, then transplant in mid to late August. Alternatively, direct sow seeds outdoors by early July. Since the frost arrives later, usually in late October or early November, you have more flexibility with planting dates.

Zone 8:
Plant seeds directly in the garden in mid-July or transplant seedlings in early August. Because your frost date typically falls in mid to late November, your broccoli will have plenty of time to mature.

Zone 9:
You can plant seeds in mid to late August and enjoy a long growing window through December or even January. Transplant seedlings in early September for a robust fall harvest.

Zone 10-11:
In these warm zones, you can grow broccoli as a fall and winter crop. Start seeds in September and transplant in October. Harvests often continue into February or March depending on variety and weather conditions.

How to Start Broccoli from Seed

Whether you’re starting indoors or directly in the garden, choose high-quality broccoli seeds. Some reliable fall varieties include ‘Arcadia,’ ‘Green Magic,’ ‘Gypsy,’ and ‘De Cicco.’ If you’re growing in a short-season zone, stick with early-maturing types.

To start seeds indoors, use seed trays or small pots filled with quality seed-starting mix. Sow seeds ¼ inch deep and keep the soil moist. Place the trays in a bright spot or under grow lights. Broccoli germinates best at 70–75°F. After seedlings develop two to three sets of true leaves, begin hardening them off by setting them outside for a few hours a day over the course of a week.

For direct sowing, prepare your garden soil by loosening it to a depth of 8–10 inches. Mix in compost to improve texture and nutrients. Sow seeds ¼ to ½ inch deep, spaced 12–18 inches apart. Water consistently and thin seedlings after a few weeks so each plant has plenty of room to grow.

Best Soil and Location for Broccoli

Broccoli needs fertile, well-drained soil rich in organic matter. Aim for a soil pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Adding aged compost or well-rotted manure helps support strong root development and consistent head growth. Choose a location that receives full sun—at least 6 to 8 hours per day. Avoid planting in the same spot where you grew other brassicas like cabbage, cauliflower, or kale in the past year, as this helps prevent soil-borne diseases.

Transplanting Broccoli Seedlings

If you started broccoli indoors, transplant seedlings when they are 4–6 weeks old and have at least four true leaves. Water them well the day before transplanting. Choose an overcast day or late afternoon to avoid transplant shock. Dig holes slightly larger than the root ball, and plant the seedlings at the same depth they were growing in their pots. Space them 18 inches apart in rows 24 inches apart.

Water thoroughly after planting, and keep the soil consistently moist. Mulching around the plants with straw or shredded leaves helps retain moisture and reduce weeds.

Water and Fertilizer Needs

Broccoli needs steady, even moisture to develop full heads. Water deeply at least once a week, providing about 1 to 1.5 inches of water. During dry spells, increase watering frequency. Avoid watering the heads directly to reduce the risk of rot.

For fertilizer, apply a balanced fertilizer (such as 10-10-10) at planting time. Once the plants are established, side-dress them with a nitrogen-rich fertilizer every three weeks. Alternatively, apply compost tea or fish emulsion every two weeks to keep the plants growing strong.

Protecting Broccoli from Pests

Although fall brings fewer pests, broccoli is still vulnerable, especially when young. Common pests include cabbage worms, flea beetles, and aphids. Use floating row covers when the plants are small to keep insects away. Check the undersides of leaves often for small green worms or eggs. Handpick pests if you see them, or spray with neem oil or insecticidal soap.

Encouraging beneficial insects like ladybugs and lacewings also helps control aphid populations. Keep your garden clean by removing plant debris and rotating crops to reduce pest buildup in the soil.

Harvesting Broccoli

Fall broccoli is ready to harvest when the central head is fully developed but before the tiny buds open into yellow flowers. Cut the head with a sharp knife, leaving a few inches of stem. After harvesting the main head, many varieties will produce smaller side shoots you can continue harvesting for several weeks.

Don’t wait too long to harvest. Once the buds begin to swell or loosen, the flavor starts to decline. Broccoli harvested after a light frost often tastes sweeter, so timing your harvest just right can improve your results.

Extending the Harvest

To extend your fall broccoli harvest, plant different varieties with staggered days to maturity. You can also plant in succession, every two weeks during your window, to ensure a steady supply into early winter. In zones with early frost, use floating row covers or cold frames to protect your plants and give them a few extra weeks of growth.

Final Tips for Fall Broccoli Success

Choose disease-resistant varieties when possible. Keep your garden weed-free to reduce competition for nutrients and water. Water regularly and feed your plants well for consistent growth. Most importantly, keep an eye on your frost dates and count backward to plan your planting schedule. A little planning makes a big difference when it comes to a rewarding fall broccoli harvest.

Fall-grown broccoli rewards your effort with fresh, sweet, nutrient-rich heads just as the weather turns cool. With the right timing and a bit of care, you’ll enjoy a bountiful crop that tastes even better than spring broccoli. Whether you’re in zone 5 or zone 10, fall is the perfect time to make broccoli a star in your cool-season garden.

Please be sure to check out my Gardening Blog Post Page for more tips on all types of gardening. Including Seed Saving, Seed Starting, Orchids, Water Gardening, Coldframe Gardening, Indoor Bulb Gardening, Hydroponics, Container Gardening, Mums, Herbs, African Violets, planting Bulbs, Flower Gardening, Vegetable and Fruit Gardening, Indoor Houseplants of all kinds, Bonsai, Cactus, Succulents, Hanging plants, Deer resistant plants and even Bird, Bee, Butterfly and Hummingbird Gardens!

Posted on

When to Plant Beets for Fall Harvest

when to plant beets for fall harvest

Beets are a delicious and easy-to-grow root vegetable that thrive in cool weather. For a bountiful fall harvest, knowing when to plant beets is key. Timing your planting based on your USDA hardiness zone ensures your crop matures before the first hard frost. Whether you’re growing classic red beets, golden beets, or striped Chioggia varieties, fall-planted beets reward you with sweet, earthy flavor and tender greens. Let’s explore how to plant beets for a fall harvest and when to start based on your growing zone.

Why Fall Is a Great Time to Grow Beets

Beets thrive in cooler temperatures, which makes fall an excellent season for growing them. As summer heat fades, beets grow more quickly and develop a sweeter flavor. Cooler soil also reduces the risk of pests like leaf miners and flea beetles, which often attack spring crops. Additionally, fall beets are less likely to bolt or become woody, so they stay tender and flavorful even if you harvest them over a few weeks.

Soil Preparation for Fall Beets

Before planting, loosen your soil to a depth of at least 8 inches. Beets need loose, well-draining soil so they can form plump, round roots. Remove rocks, sticks, and clumps of clay that might block root growth. Add compost or well-rotted manure to improve soil fertility and texture. Beets prefer a soil pH between 6.0 and 7.0. If your soil is too acidic, consider adding lime a few weeks before planting.

When to Plant Beets for Fall Harvest by Zone

Timing is everything when planting beets in the fall. Count back from your area’s average first frost date about 8 to 10 weeks. Beets typically mature in 50 to 70 days, depending on the variety, so you want to give them enough time to grow before the ground freezes.

Zone 3 and Zone 4

In colder climates like zones 3 and 4, the first frost arrives early—usually between late September and early October. You’ll need to plant your beet seeds between mid-July and early August. Choose faster-maturing beet varieties, and consider using row covers to extend your season if temperatures drop too quickly.

Zone 5

Gardeners in zone 5 can plant beets between late July and mid-August. The frost typically arrives in mid-October, which gives you just enough time for most beet varieties to reach maturity. Keep your planting area well-watered during the summer heat so the seeds germinate evenly.

Zone 6

Zone 6 has a slightly longer growing season, with average first frost dates around late October. This means you can plant beets between early August and mid-September. Even if you’re a little late, your beets will likely reach baby size before the first hard frost. Baby beets are just as flavorful and make a great addition to fall meals.

Zone 7

In zone 7, plant your beets between mid-August and late September. The first frost usually doesn’t hit until early November, so you have plenty of time for your beets to grow. If planted in September, you might harvest smaller roots, but the cooler temperatures will boost their sweetness.

Zone 8

Zone 8 gardeners enjoy mild autumns, with frost rarely arriving before mid-to-late November. You can plant beets from late August through early October. Even if frost does occur, beets are cold-tolerant and can survive light freezes, especially if you mulch the soil after the plants emerge.

Zone 9 and Zone 10

In warmer zones 9 and 10, where frost arrives very late—or not at all—beets can be planted as late as mid-to-late October for a fall or even early winter harvest. This long window gives you flexibility. You can stagger your planting every two weeks for a continuous supply of tender roots and greens.

How to Plant Beets for a Fall Harvest

Beets are direct-sown into the garden, as they don’t transplant well. Once your planting window arrives, follow these simple steps for success:

  1. Sow seeds ½ inch deep and 1 to 2 inches apart. Rows should be spaced about 12 inches apart.
  2. Water well after planting and keep the soil consistently moist for the first two weeks. Beets germinate best in soil between 60°F and 75°F.
  3. Thin the seedlings to 3 to 4 inches apart once they’re about 2 inches tall. This gives the roots enough space to grow large and round.
  4. Keep your beets well-watered throughout their growth. Dry soil can lead to tough, woody roots.

How to Care for Beets in Fall

Fall-grown beets benefit from cooler temperatures and less pest pressure, but they still need care to thrive. Make sure your beets get at least 1 inch of water per week, especially during dry spells. Adding mulch around the plants helps retain moisture and keeps the soil cool.

Fertilize lightly with a balanced organic fertilizer about three weeks after the seeds sprout. Avoid too much nitrogen, which encourages leafy growth at the expense of root development. If you used compost when planting, you may not need additional fertilizer at all.

Weed the beet bed regularly. Weeds compete for nutrients and space, especially when beets are young. Be careful not to disturb the roots while weeding.

When and How to Harvest Beets in Fall

You can begin harvesting beets when the roots are about the size of a golf ball, which typically happens 40 to 50 days after planting, depending on the variety. Baby beets are tender and sweet, while larger ones have deeper flavor. Just make sure to harvest before the ground freezes hard.

To harvest, gently loosen the soil with a hand fork and pull the beets by the base of the stems. Cut the tops off, leaving about an inch of stem, which helps the roots stay fresh longer. You can eat the beet greens too—they’re packed with nutrients and taste great sautéed or added to soups.

In colder zones, cover your beet rows with straw or leaves once the temperature begins to dip. This insulates the soil and allows you to continue harvesting even after light frosts.

Best Beet Varieties for Fall Planting

Some beet varieties grow faster or handle cold better than others. Consider these great choices for your fall garden:

  • Detroit Dark Red – A classic, fast-maturing red beet that’s perfect for fall planting.
  • Chioggia – Known for its striking pink and white rings, it matures quickly and tastes sweet.
  • Golden Beet – With a mellow flavor and bright orange color, it’s a reliable fall performer.
  • Cylindra – This long, narrow beet is great for slicing and fits well in small garden spaces.
  • Red Ace – A fast-growing hybrid that handles cool weather well and resists bolting.

Final Tips for Fall Beet Success

To get the best results from your fall beet crop, plant early enough so they mature before heavy frost. Use shade cloth if the weather is still hot at planting time, and keep your soil consistently moist for steady growth. Beets don’t require much space, so you can easily tuck them into beds or containers alongside other fall vegetables.

With proper timing and care, your fall beet harvest will reward you with sweet, earthy roots and vibrant greens perfect for roasting, pickling, or adding to hearty salads. So check your frost dates, grab some seeds, and start planting—fall beets are a simple and satisfying addition to your cool-season garden.

Please be sure to check out my Gardening Blog Post Page for more tips on all types of gardening. Including Seed Saving, Seed Starting, Orchids, Water Gardening, Coldframe Gardening, Indoor Bulb Gardening, Hydroponics, Container Gardening, Mums, Herbs, African Violets, planting Bulbs, Flower Gardening, Vegetable and Fruit Gardening, Indoor Houseplants of all kinds, Bonsai, Cactus, Succulents, Hanging plants, Deer resistant plants and even Bird, Bee, Butterfly and Hummingbird Gardens!

Posted on

When to Plant Cabbage in the Fall

when to plant cabbage in the fall

Cabbage is a cool-weather crop that thrives in the fall garden. Known for its crisp texture and rich flavor, fall cabbage has fewer pests and often grows more compact and flavorful than its spring counterpart. However, knowing exactly when to plant it is essential for a successful harvest before the first hard frost. This guide will walk you through the best times to plant cabbage in the fall based on your USDA hardiness zone, along with key tips for growing a healthy crop.

Why Plant Cabbage in the Fall?

Before diving into planting schedules, it’s important to understand why fall is a great season for cabbage. Cabbage prefers cool temperatures, and as summer heat fades, the conditions become ideal for steady growth. Cooler air keeps cabbage heads from bolting, and fall-grown cabbage tends to be sweeter due to exposure to light frost. Additionally, fewer pests are active later in the season, reducing the need for constant vigilance.

General Timing for Fall Cabbage

The key to growing fall cabbage is counting backward from your region’s first expected frost. Cabbage typically takes between 70 to 100 days to reach maturity, depending on the variety. To ensure a full harvest, you should aim to plant it 10 to 12 weeks before your first hard frost date. If you start with transplants rather than seeds, you can shave off a few weeks of growing time.

Let’s now look at the best planting windows by USDA hardiness zones.

When to Plant Cabbage in Zone 3

Zone 3 gardeners face a shorter growing season, so it’s critical to start early. The first frost can arrive as early as mid-September, which means fall cabbage should be started indoors in late May to early June. Transplant the seedlings outdoors by late June or early July to give them ample time to mature. Harvest will usually occur in early to mid-September, just before heavy frost arrives.

When to Plant Cabbage in Zone 4

In Zone 4, the first frost usually hits around late September to early October. Start seeds indoors in early to mid-June and move them outdoors by early July. If you prefer to direct sow, do so in mid to late June, but be aware that you may need to provide shade or protection from summer heat. Harvest should begin by late September and finish by mid-October.

When to Plant Cabbage in Zone 5

Zone 5 gardeners typically see their first frost between early and mid-October. This gives a bit more wiggle room for fall planting. Start seeds indoors in mid to late June and transplant them by mid-July. For direct sowing, the best window is late June through the first week of July. Begin harvesting in October before frost threatens the crop.

When to Plant Cabbage in Zone 6

With first frosts coming around mid to late October in Zone 6, you can start seeds indoors in late June or early July. Transplant by late July for optimal results. Direct sowing is also an option from late June through early July. Harvest will likely begin in late October and may extend into early November with proper frost protection.

When to Plant Cabbage in Zone 7

Zone 7 offers a longer fall growing season, with frost typically arriving in late October or early November. Start seeds indoors by early to mid-July and transplant them outside by early August. You can also direct sow in mid to late July. Harvest can begin in early November, and you may be able to continue harvesting well into the month if temperatures remain mild.

When to Plant Cabbage in Zone 8

In Zone 8, the first frost often arrives in mid to late November. This allows for later planting. Start seeds indoors in mid-July or sow them directly into the garden in early August. Transplant by mid-August for the best results. Harvest can extend from late November into December, depending on the weather.

When to Plant Cabbage in Zone 9

Zone 9 gardeners enjoy a long fall and even winter growing season. The first frost often doesn’t come until December, if at all. You can start seeds in late July or early August and transplant them in September. Direct sowing works well in late August. Harvest can stretch from late November through January in mild years.

When to Plant Cabbage in Zone 10

In Zone 10, fall and winter are ideal for cabbage growing. With frost being rare, you can plant cabbage almost year-round. For a fall crop, start seeds in August and transplant in September. Harvest usually begins in December and continues into January or February. You can even stagger plantings to enjoy continuous harvests.

Preparing Your Soil for Fall Cabbage

Now that you know when to plant, let’s talk about how to prepare your garden. Cabbage prefers rich, well-draining soil with a pH between 6.5 and 6.8. Begin by working compost or aged manure into the soil a few weeks before planting. This adds nutrients and improves structure. You should also make sure the site gets full sun—at least 6 hours a day. This 4 in 1 soil meter is perfect for testing and monitoring your soil.

If you’re transplanting seedlings, space them 18 to 24 inches apart to allow room for the heads to grow. Water them deeply right after transplanting to help the roots settle in.

Caring for Fall Cabbage

Once planted, cabbage needs consistent moisture, especially during dry spells. Aim to keep the soil evenly moist but not soggy. Applying mulch around the base of the plants helps retain moisture and suppress weeds.

Fertilize every 3 to 4 weeks with a balanced vegetable fertilizer to encourage steady growth. Keep an eye out for pests like cabbage worms and aphids, especially early in the season. Using floating row covers can help prevent infestations.

Harvesting Fall Cabbage

Cabbage is ready to harvest when the heads feel firm and solid. The exact timing depends on the variety, but most fall cabbages are ready within 70 to 100 days of planting. Cut the heads at the base with a sharp knife, leaving the outer leaves and roots if you want to encourage a second, smaller harvest.

In colder zones, be sure to harvest before the first hard frost. A light frost can actually improve flavor, but too much cold will damage the heads. In warmer zones, you can let them stay in the ground longer and harvest as needed.

Final Tips for Success

To wrap it all up, fall cabbage offers a rewarding and delicious harvest, especially when planted at the right time. By counting backward from your expected frost date and using either transplants or seeds, you can adjust your planting window to suit your zone. Always focus on soil preparation, consistent watering, and pest control for the best results.

Whether you’re gardening in the chilly north or the sunny south, cabbage is a reliable and tasty crop that fits beautifully into any fall garden plan.

Please be sure to check out my Gardening Blog Post Page for more tips on all types of gardening. Including Seed Saving, Seed Starting, Orchids, Water Gardening, Coldframe Gardening, Indoor Bulb Gardening, Hydroponics, Container Gardening, Mums, Herbs, African Violets, planting Bulbs, Flower Gardening, Vegetable and Fruit Gardening, Indoor Houseplants of all kinds, Bonsai, Cactus, Succulents, Hanging plants, Deer resistant plants and even Bird, Bee, Butterfly and Hummingbird Gardens!

Posted on

Fall Vegetable Seeds

Fall Vegetable Seeds

Fall is one of the best times to grow vegetables from seed. Cooler temperatures, fewer pests, and mild weather help crops thrive. Starting your fall garden with seeds allows you to enjoy fresh produce well into late autumn or even winter, depending on your location. To succeed, it’s important to choose the right vegetables, know how to plant them, and most importantly, plant at the right time based on your growing zone.

Why Plant Fall Vegetables from Seed?

Planting fall vegetables from seed has many benefits. Seeds are more affordable than starter plants and give you more options for heirloom and specialty varieties. Also, many cool-season vegetables prefer being direct sown in cooler soil. Root crops like carrots and radishes do not transplant well, so seeding them in place results in better yields. Furthermore, growing from seed helps extend the harvest season and maximizes garden space.

Know Your Frost Date and Growing Zone

Before you begin, check your USDA hardiness zone and find your area’s average first frost date. Fall planting revolves around counting backward from this date to determine when to sow seeds. Each crop needs a specific number of days to mature, so you’ll want to plant early enough to allow for full growth before frost arrives.

Use this formula:
First Frost Date – Days to Maturity – 10 to 14 Days = Ideal Planting Date

Those extra 10 to 14 days allow seeds time to germinate and for growth to begin before cooler weather slows everything down.

What to Plant for Fall

Many vegetables thrive in fall’s cool temperatures. Here are the top vegetables to start from seed and enjoy a late-season harvest:

  • Leafy Greens: Lettuce, spinach, arugula, Swiss chard, kale, mustard greens, and collard greens
  • Root Crops: Carrots, radishes, turnips, beets, rutabaga, and parsnips
  • Brassicas: Broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, kohlrabi, and Brussels sprouts
  • Legumes: Bush beans and peas (only in early fall or warm zones)
  • Alliums: Green onions and garlic (garlic is planted in late fall for spring harvest)

How to Plant Fall Vegetables from Seed

Once you’ve chosen your vegetables, follow these basic steps to plant your fall vegetable seeds:

1. Prepare the Soil

Remove any leftover summer crops and weeds. Loosen the soil to a depth of at least 8 to 10 inches and mix in compost or well-rotted manure. Fall crops benefit from rich soil that holds moisture but drains well. Avoid compacted soil, as this can hinder seed germination and root development.

2. Water Before and After Sowing

Moist soil helps seeds germinate faster. Water the bed before planting, especially if the soil is dry or during a heatwave. After sowing, water gently but deeply to keep the soil evenly moist until seedlings appear.

3. Sow at the Right Depth

Check seed packets for the proper sowing depth. Generally, plant seeds two to three times as deep as their width. Smaller seeds like lettuce and carrots need only a light covering of soil, while larger seeds like peas or beans need to go deeper.

4. Thin Seedlings After Germination

Once your seeds sprout and grow their first true leaves, thin them to the correct spacing. This step is important to give each plant room to mature. Use scissors to snip the smaller seedlings instead of pulling, which can disturb the roots of nearby plants.

5. Mulch and Shade as Needed

In hot areas or early in the season, use light mulch or row covers to keep soil cool and moist. Mulching also suppresses weeds and protects shallow roots from temperature swings.

When to Plant by USDA Hardiness Zone

Each zone has a different fall planting window. Use the guidelines below to time your seed sowing for the best results:

Zone 3 and 4 (Short Growing Season, Early Frost)

Fall comes early in these northern zones. Begin sowing fall crops in late July to early August. Focus on fast-maturing vegetables like radishes, spinach, lettuce, and turnips. Carrots and beets must be planted by early August to mature in time. Use row covers to extend the harvest into September.

Zone 5 (First Frost in Early to Mid-October)

Start fall seeds from late July through mid-August. Plant hardy greens like kale and Swiss chard by mid-August. Sow carrots, beets, and broccoli in early August. Lettuce and spinach can be succession planted every two weeks through late August for a steady harvest.

Zone 6 (First Frost Mid to Late October)

You have a little more time in this zone. Begin sowing seeds in early to late August. Beets, broccoli, and cabbage should be planted first, followed by lettuce, spinach, and other leafy greens. Peas can go in by early August. Use row covers to protect from sudden cold snaps.

Zone 7 (First Frost Late October to Early November)

This zone allows for a longer fall season. Start seeds from early August to early September. Focus on carrots, kale, radishes, collards, and broccoli early on. Leafy greens, especially lettuce and arugula, can be succession planted through mid-September.

Zone 8 (First Frost in November)

Plant fall vegetables from late August into early October. Peas, carrots, and broccoli should be planted by early September. Spinach, lettuce, and mustard greens can be planted into October. Garlic should be planted in late October or November for spring growth.

Zone 9 and 10 (Frost Rare or Very Late)

In these warm zones, fall is the ideal growing season. Start fall seeds from September through November, depending on the crop. You can grow a wide variety including tomatoes, peppers, leafy greens, carrots, and root crops. Cool-season vegetables thrive from late fall into early spring here. Garlic, onions, and shallots can also be planted in fall.

Tips for a Successful Fall Garden

To get the most from your fall vegetables, keep these tips in mind:

  • Succession Planting: Sow seeds every 1 to 2 weeks for crops like lettuce, radishes, and spinach to keep harvesting longer.
  • Frost Protection: Use row covers, cloches, or cold frames to extend the harvest of sensitive crops past your first frost.
  • Keep Soil Moist: Fall gardens can dry out quickly in late summer heat. Water consistently during seed germination and early growth.
  • Watch for Pests: While fall pests are fewer, cabbage worms, aphids, and flea beetles can still cause damage. Inspect leaves and treat early if needed.
  • Choose the Right Varieties: Look for seeds labeled as “early,” “cold-tolerant,” or “fall harvest.” These grow faster and handle cooler temperatures better.

Final Thoughts

Planting fall vegetables from seed is a great way to extend your gardening season and enjoy fresh, homegrown produce into the cooler months. By choosing the right crops and planting them at the right time for your zone, you’ll set your garden up for success. Don’t let summer’s end stop your growing season. Grab your seeds, prep your beds, and enjoy everything a fall vegetable garden can offer.

For even better results, keep a garden journal to track what works best in your zone. Over time, you’ll gain experience and confidence in planting each season. Fall gardening may start small, but it often becomes a favorite part of the gardening year.

Please be sure to check out my Gardening Blog Post Page for more tips on all types of gardening. Including Seed Saving, Seed Starting, Orchids, Water Gardening, Coldframe Gardening, Indoor Bulb Gardening, Hydroponics, Container Gardening, Mums, Herbs, African Violets, planting Bulbs, Flower Gardening, Vegetable and Fruit Gardening, Indoor Houseplants of all kinds, Bonsai, Cactus, Succulents, Hanging plants, Deer resistant plants and even Bird, Bee, Butterfly and Hummingbird Gardens!